Nepal is the second largest country after Brazil in water resources. There are thousands of rivers in the country. Most of the big rivers originate from the mountain and middle hill. The ricers originating from the mountain such as arun , tamakoshi , kaligandaki , karnali and so on, are snow fed rivers . these are perennial rivers .the flow water in the river originating from the middle hill decreases during winter .the rivers originating from the churiya are non-perennial so that sry up in the winter season .

There are three most important rivers systems in Nepal such as koshi ,gandaki and karnali , koshi is the longest rives of Nepal .it has sevefn tributaries namely arun sunkoshi , tamakoshi ,likhu ,dudhkoshi , indrawati and tanro that drain the eastern region of the country .

Gandaki flows in the central part of the central part of the country. it has secen main tributaries namely kali-gandaki marsyangdi , trusuli ,seti , madi and daraudi  , similary , karnali  flows in the western part of the country . its main tributaries are humal karnali , magu karmali ,bheri , tila ,and seti besides these main rivers , there are many important rivers of second and third order some of them are  mechi , kankai ,kamala, bagmati ,ratu , lai bakaiya , bakaiya mabana , tinau rapti , babai ,mahakali and so on .

There are different types of soil in Nepal. Various factors such as geology, climate and vegetation types have resulted in variations in soil properties. There is very limited research about soils in Nepal. So far, soils of Nepal can be divided into six broad types such as alluvial soil, sandy gravel soil, lacustrine soil, rucky soil and mountain soil. Alluvial soil in tarai and in river basins. It is formed by the materials deposited by rivers and it’s very fertile. The sandy gravel and gravel soil are found in churiya where gravel and conglomerate are predominately found. This is not fertile soil. There are various types of soil in the middle hill. But rocky soil is predominant. The lacustrine soil is found in the Kathmandu valley. It is formed by the deposited materials in the lake hence, it is fertile. The mountain soil is formed by where boulders, sands and stone brought by glacier are found. It is also not fertile soil.

Nepal his diverse and unique geo-ecopolitical and ago-political setting .this unique age – political division mainly follows the physical setting of the country geo – politically, the country is divided as the mountain districts and the tarai districts. Out of 75 districts, 16 are mountain districts that are located in the northern part of the country these districts cover 35 percent area. These districts are remote and marginal in terms of linkage and agriculturation production. However, these districts have very beautiful land space and various natural resources. There are 39 districts in the hill region that cover 42 percent area of the country. This belt ranges from 600 to 3000 meters elevation. Various groups of people and different types of economic activities are found in this region. This region is most diverse in terms of its physical, social, economical and cultural characteristics.

The tarai region has below 600m elevation. There are 20 districts that cover 23 percent area of the country.

This is the extensive flat land formed by the alluvial deposit and thus very fertile.

For the administrative purpose, Nepal is divided into development region, zone district village development committee (VDC)\ municipality. At present there are five development regions, 14 zones.75 districts 58 municipalities and 3915 VDC s each distrivts is further divided into ilakas . similarly . Each VDC 35 words. For the parliamentary election, the country is decided into 205 constituencies. The eastern development region (EDR) has 3 zones and 16 districts, the central dev,region (CDR)has 3 zones and 19 districts ,the western dev region (EDR) has 3 zones and 16 districts , mid – western dev . Regain (MWDR)has also 3 zones and 15 distrects and the far- western dev. Region (FWDR)has 2 zones and 9 districts among the development regions , MWRD is the largest in  terms of erea and the FWDR is the smallest . the karnali zone is the largest and the mahakali zone is the smallest in terms of area in the case of district , dolpa is the largest whereas bhaktapur is the smallest district in area . Each development region zone, district and municipality \ VDC his its own administrative centre thet coordinates the administrative and development activities Kathmandu is the capital of the nepal and lies in the CDR .

Nepal has diverse and unique physical features there are basically there major types of physical features i.e. the mountain, the hill and tarai horizontally distributed from north to south. the tarai belt is an extensive flat land that extends from the far east to the far west .the hill consists river basins ,valley , tar upland slopes with various types of physical features the mountain lies in the northern most part of the country . it has very beautiful mount aim peaks of various elevations  .this arrangement of the major physical features of the country are cut by various flowing from north to the south . The there major rivers namely koshi gandaki and karnali have dissected the country resulting in great physical diversity throughout the country.