Nepal winter temperature
I'll be sleeping outdoors, and trekking up to around 2100m above sea level, north of Pokhara, near Naya Phul. Can anyone tell me how cold I can expect it to be and the likelihood of there being snow?Temperatures in spring and late summer typically range between 28 º C (83 º F) in mountainous regions and over 40 º C (104 º F) in the Terai. In winter, the maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from 7 º C (45 º F) and 23 º C (74 º F). The central valleys recorded a very low minimum temperatures and a maximum of 12 º C (54 º F). The temperatures are much cooler at high altitudes. The Kathmandu Valley, with a height of 1,310 m (4297 feet), shows a moderate temperature 19-27 º C (67-81 º F) in summer and 2-20 º C (36-68 º F) in winter.
Proper Clothing Light Clothing and tropical umbrella during the months of June through August. Between October and March are advised to take light clothes in Kathmandu, a jacket and warm clothes when visiting the mountains.
Nepal Climate of Nepal Weather is nice and predictable. There are four seasons: spring, March to May, summer from June to August, autumn from September to November, winter from December to February. The monsoon takes place from late June until mid September. About 80% of rainfall is recorded during these months, the rest of the year is usually dry. Spring and autumn are pleasant months. In winter temperatures drop significantly and consistently usually snows in the mountains. Temperatures in spring and late summer typically range between 28 º C (83 º F) in mountainous regions and over 40 º C (104 º F) in the Terai. In winter, the maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from 7 º C (45 º F) and 23 º C (74 º F). The central valleys recorded a very low minimum temperatures and a maximum of 12 º C (54 º F). The temperatures are much cooler at high altitudes. The Kathmandu Valley, with a height of 1,310 m (4297 feet), shows a moderate temperature 19-27 º C (67-81 º F) in summer and 2-20 º C (36-68 º F) in winter.
Proper Clothing Light Clothing and tropical umbrella during the months of June through August. Between October and March are advised to take light clothes in Kathmandu, a jacket and warm clothes when visiting the mountains.
In Nepal the average temperature in winter is min -5 to 15 C min and 18 to 28 C max but if you
start climbing up hills the temperature gets colder in propertion to the height, like the temperature above 2100m will be lesser then the temperature in 2100m. To find out your answer in detail please visit the site http://designing2009.blogspot.com/
The site is actually about Travel and tourism, there are different topics within the site that may be help you to find the details about your answer.
Nepal mean monsoon precipitation
about 80% rainfall occurs due to the monsoon in Nepal. so that is no remarkable difference between average annual rainfall and the average monsoon rainfall. like the pattern if annual rainfall, monsoon rainfall pattern also deceases from the east to the west. the western Nepal also receives higher monsoon rainfall compared to annual rainfall. the summar monsoon originates in the bay of bengal and moves along the soithern flanks the Himalayas. thus, rainfall decreases from east to west. it is heavily concentrated in the southern part of Annapurna region.eastern Nepal and in the langtang area. the northern part of the mid west and far west receives less monsoon rainfall compared to other parts of the country.
the maximum rainfall has been recorded at lumle in pokhara. unlike mean annual rainfall, the north western part of the country also receives higher amount of rainfall in summers.
Nepal annual precipitation
The mean annual rainfall in nepal ranges fro below 500 mm to above 5,000 mm. this variation is the pattern of annual rainfall mainly results from the direction of mountain, aspect if slop, distance from the sea and altitude.because of the monsoon, the rain fall decreases from east to west. the south facing slope receives higher amount of rainfall out of the total rainfall, about 805 rainfall occurs in the monsoon period in the months of June, July and august.the higher amount of rainfall is converted in the Annapurna region,particularly in pokhara. besides, eastern nepal and langtang area also receive nigh amount of rainfall. the tarai region 1,000 to 25,00 mm annual rainfall in general. the hill region receives 1,700 to 3,000 mm average annual rainfall. however, there are certain pocket areas which receive 2,500 to 3,000 mm average annual rainfall in the hill. the least amount of rainfall occurs in the north western part of WDR, MWDR, FWDR.
Nepal protected areas and major torust places
Along with her natural beauty, Nepal is the country of cultural and biological diversity. nenal has different types of conservation areas of the protection and management of endangered species and other valuable mammals,flora and launa such as one horn rhino, spotted tiger, red panda and many plants species. there are nice national parks, four conservation areas, three wildlife reserves and one hunting reserve in Nepal. the different tapes of conservation areas have covered 16.49%924,284 sq km) area of the country. the royal chitawan national park is the oldest national park, it is also included in the world heritage site. among the national park, she-phoksundo national park is the largest (3.629 sq km) and rara nataional park is the smallest (106 sq km). out of the four conservation areas, annapurna conservation area (7,629 sq km) is the largest and makalu barun conservation area (800 sq km) is the smallest. Nepal is the famous for trekking, mountaineering and wildlife tourism. about 85% tourist visits Nepal for the purpose of pleasure and for trekking.besides these conservation areas in the different parts of the country. there are several places of historical, cultural and religions importance. not only the green tea garden but the beauty of landscape as a whole in ilam in the east is outstanding. similarity, dharan, dhankuta, shivapuri, gorkha, chitawan, pokhara,palpa, lumbini, bardiya, the karmali region are the most attractive places of interest in. addition, the mountain region as a whole is very beautiful and attractive.
Nepal forest distribution
Total stem volumes of the main tree species
| Species | NFI (1998) | 1960s (Million m3) | |
| Total stem volume, million m3 | % Of total stem volume | ||
| Shorea robusta | 109.4 | 28.2 | 31.0 |
| Quercus spp. | 35.9 | 9.3 | NA |
| Terminalia alata | 29.4 | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| Pinus roxburghii | 24.4 | 6.3 | 6.9 |
| Abies spectabilis | 17.2 | 4.4 | NA |
| Rhododendron spp. | 16.4 | 4.2 | NA |
| Alnus nepalensis | 11.2 | 2.9 | NA |
| Schima wallichii | 7.9 | 2.0 | NA |
| Tsuga dumosa | 7.3 | 1.9 | 2.4 |
| Adina cordifolia | 6.9 | 1.8 | NA |
| Anogeisus latifolia | 6.3 | 1.6 | NA |
| Lyonia obalifolia | 6.1 | 1.6 | NA |
| Syzygium jambos | 5.1 | 1.3 | NA |
| Laerstrimia parviflora | 4.9 | 1.3 | NA |
| Pinus wallichina | 4.1 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
| Castenopsis spp. | 3.9 | 1.0 | NA |
| Symplocos spp. | 3.7 | 1.0 | NA |
| Persea spp. | 3.5 | 0.9 | NA |
| Terminalia bellerica | 3.2 | 0.8 | NA |
| Garuga pinnata | 2.7 | 0.7 | NA |
| Schleichera oleosa | 2.4 | 0.6 | NA |
| Lannea coromandelica | 2.4 | 0.6 | NA |
| Syzygium cumini | 2.2 | 0.6 | NA |
| Acacia catechu | 2.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Abies pindrow | 1.8 | 0.5 | 9.5 |
| Other tree species cover 67.1 million m3 or 17.3% of total stem volume. Altogether 229 tree species were identified during the inventory fieldwork. | |||
Abstract: :----
For centuries, people continuously increased the rate of biological invasions and there is no sign of slowing down. From the depth of the Ocean to the crest of Himalayas, they are occupying pristine and semi-natural ecosystems at an alarming rate, threatening human, animal, plant as well as ecosystem health. Efforts to avoid or eradicate them are not achievable except for very few cases. Currently, therefore, their management aims at controlling invaders and mitigating their impact rather than eradication. Limitation of resources forces land managers to carefully plan and prioritize interventions only in areas most severely affected by invaders. Hence, information on the actual and potential distribution of invaders is considered crucial for their management.
It has long been recognized that remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) could contribute to help solving this problem. Remote sensing has so far been applied predominantly to invasive species that dominate the canopy of the ecosystem. The large majority of invasive species do however not show up in the canopy and thus remain difficult to detect by remote sensing in a direct and straightforward manner. Techniques for mapping such cryptic invaders have not been developed so far. In this thesis we explored methods to map the distribution of Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King & H Robinson, one of the world’s worst invasive species. This cryptic heliophyte originating from central America invaded the understorey of many tropical forest ecosystems throughout the world. C. odorata is a cryptic invader hidden under the forest canopy in the Terai of Nepal. It occurs predominately in opened up forest, with increased light intensity. The approach to map its distribution was to develop first remote sensing techniques to map forest canopy density and light intensity reaching the understorey and next relate these radiation maps to various aspects of the life history of C. odorata.
To set the scene we reviewed in chapter 2 existing methods to map the distribution of invasive species. Next, we explored the quality of four alternative methods to predict forest canopy density (Chapter 3). This comparative study revealed that an artificial neural network best explained canopy density in terms of variance explained and bias. A Landsat ETM+ image processed through a neural network predicted 81% of light intensity reaching the understorey. The resulting radiation map was the environmental data layer that was subsequently used to map the distribution of C. odorata. This study revealed that in the Nepalese Terai C. odorata failed to produce seed below a light intensity of 6.5 mJ m-2 day-1, and that light intensity determined 93% of the variation in log10 seed production per plant (Chapter 4). This enabled us to map its distribution in Nepal based on under-canopy light intensities.
C. odorata invades new areas by generative reproduction (wind dispersal of pappusbearing achenes). Once established, clonal propagation through underground corms enhances further expansion of populations. We have discovered (Chapter 5) that the age of corms can be determined using corm rings in cross sections. While individual corms survive for only five years, we obtained evidence that multi-corm genets, which must have been much older, had developed in forests with opened canopy. We furthermore demonstrated that light intensity positively related to the rate of clonal growth. The light dependence of the expansion rate of plants is apparently a key attribute explaining the invasion success of this species. Any disturbances in forest canopy density leading to increased light intensities would ultimately trigger its clonal growth.
The canopy in tropical forest ecosystems in Nepal is severely degraded offering light conditions suitable for C. odorata. The degradation of the forest canopy was attributed to a series of interrelated causes including human dimensions and government policies (Chapter 6). Herbarium records revealed that C. odorata invaded southern Nepal shortly after the initiation of malaria control. We furthermore demonstrated that this was followed in Chitwan district by an influx of migrants, land use changes and degradation of the forests. It was therefore argued that the species invaded because of canopy degradation, which was caused by change in land use and demography and triggered by malaria control. This process of malaria control followed by migration increased human population growth rates that we described for Chitwan district occurred in tropical regions all over Nepal. Hence, we suggest that it must have contributed to the rapid spread of C. odorata in the lowland Terai forest belt.
Field observations revealed that C. odorata did not invade the tropical forests in the west of Nepal below 83°45’ east longitude. We were unable to explain this distribution pattern with simple climatic indicators. However, a bioclimatic indicator, the length of the growing season predicted the absence from west Nepal remarkably well. This suggests that C. odorata requires a minimum length of the growing period to accumulate sufficient resources to establish and persist. We thus conclude that an agro-ecological modeling approach yielded a better prediction than the commonly used bioclimatic approach (Chapter 7).
Since, deforestation and forest degradation are a point of concern for management of both biological invaders and native biota, there is a need to more closely monitor biological conservation areas because of the potentially irreversible impacts of deforestation and forest degradation. In chapter 8 we assess the rate of deforestation and the current degree of forest degradation in the Terai of Nepal. Forest canopy density class was predicted with 82% overall accuracy. Data analysis revealed that the forested area reduced from 21774 km2 in 1958 to 12649 km2 in 2000 corresponding to an annual rate of decline of 1.38%. Our analysis further revealed that 70% of the forested area outside conservation areas had canopies with density below 60%, thus confirming widespread degradation. More surprisingly, 50% percent of the forested area inside protected areas had such opened canopies. This indicates that canopy degradation is also very common inside protected areas. These areas play a special role in the conservation of internationally threatened forest communities, for instance Nepalese tropical rain forests. Our analysis revealed that canopy opening prevailed as well in these communities. We argue that from a biodiversity point of view conservation effort should focus on the preservation and restoration of these forest types. The forest degradation maps presented in this chapter could serve as a start to prioritize such interventions.
In this thesis, we demonstrated how the impressive developments in computational performance, the rapid growth of remote sensing and GIS technologies for spatial data acquisition and analysis could be used beyond their traditional application in mapping canopy-dominant invasive species. We have shown how a few of these cost-effective mapping techniques can reliably be up scaled to the national level to map the distribution of even those invasive species that do not dominate the canopy of forest ecosystems.
This thesis emphasizes the importance of site-specific microclimatic variation and empirical observations of the species’ ecology, while applying remote sensing techniques in invasion studies. This could significantly reduce the uncertainties and the degree of “erroneous prediction”. Maps displaying seed-producing sites could be used to significantly reduce the costs of controlling C. odorata infestation by providing information on the spatial segregation of source and sink populations. These will support efficient habitat ranking to restore invaded areas and protect non-invaded ecosystems. Such an approach may prove particularly valuable when implementing control measures under circumstances of limited capital and labour. This thesis also showed the necessity to understand the connection between the human historical, socio-economic, and cultural context with the environmental conditions and the ecology of the invader. It facilitates conceptualising the situation and hopefully it also helps in translating research results into appropriate policy measures.
It has long been recognized that remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS) could contribute to help solving this problem. Remote sensing has so far been applied predominantly to invasive species that dominate the canopy of the ecosystem. The large majority of invasive species do however not show up in the canopy and thus remain difficult to detect by remote sensing in a direct and straightforward manner. Techniques for mapping such cryptic invaders have not been developed so far. In this thesis we explored methods to map the distribution of Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King & H Robinson, one of the world’s worst invasive species. This cryptic heliophyte originating from central America invaded the understorey of many tropical forest ecosystems throughout the world. C. odorata is a cryptic invader hidden under the forest canopy in the Terai of Nepal. It occurs predominately in opened up forest, with increased light intensity. The approach to map its distribution was to develop first remote sensing techniques to map forest canopy density and light intensity reaching the understorey and next relate these radiation maps to various aspects of the life history of C. odorata.
To set the scene we reviewed in chapter 2 existing methods to map the distribution of invasive species. Next, we explored the quality of four alternative methods to predict forest canopy density (Chapter 3). This comparative study revealed that an artificial neural network best explained canopy density in terms of variance explained and bias. A Landsat ETM+ image processed through a neural network predicted 81% of light intensity reaching the understorey. The resulting radiation map was the environmental data layer that was subsequently used to map the distribution of C. odorata. This study revealed that in the Nepalese Terai C. odorata failed to produce seed below a light intensity of 6.5 mJ m-2 day-1, and that light intensity determined 93% of the variation in log10 seed production per plant (Chapter 4). This enabled us to map its distribution in Nepal based on under-canopy light intensities.
C. odorata invades new areas by generative reproduction (wind dispersal of pappusbearing achenes). Once established, clonal propagation through underground corms enhances further expansion of populations. We have discovered (Chapter 5) that the age of corms can be determined using corm rings in cross sections. While individual corms survive for only five years, we obtained evidence that multi-corm genets, which must have been much older, had developed in forests with opened canopy. We furthermore demonstrated that light intensity positively related to the rate of clonal growth. The light dependence of the expansion rate of plants is apparently a key attribute explaining the invasion success of this species. Any disturbances in forest canopy density leading to increased light intensities would ultimately trigger its clonal growth.
The canopy in tropical forest ecosystems in Nepal is severely degraded offering light conditions suitable for C. odorata. The degradation of the forest canopy was attributed to a series of interrelated causes including human dimensions and government policies (Chapter 6). Herbarium records revealed that C. odorata invaded southern Nepal shortly after the initiation of malaria control. We furthermore demonstrated that this was followed in Chitwan district by an influx of migrants, land use changes and degradation of the forests. It was therefore argued that the species invaded because of canopy degradation, which was caused by change in land use and demography and triggered by malaria control. This process of malaria control followed by migration increased human population growth rates that we described for Chitwan district occurred in tropical regions all over Nepal. Hence, we suggest that it must have contributed to the rapid spread of C. odorata in the lowland Terai forest belt.
Field observations revealed that C. odorata did not invade the tropical forests in the west of Nepal below 83°45’ east longitude. We were unable to explain this distribution pattern with simple climatic indicators. However, a bioclimatic indicator, the length of the growing season predicted the absence from west Nepal remarkably well. This suggests that C. odorata requires a minimum length of the growing period to accumulate sufficient resources to establish and persist. We thus conclude that an agro-ecological modeling approach yielded a better prediction than the commonly used bioclimatic approach (Chapter 7).
Since, deforestation and forest degradation are a point of concern for management of both biological invaders and native biota, there is a need to more closely monitor biological conservation areas because of the potentially irreversible impacts of deforestation and forest degradation. In chapter 8 we assess the rate of deforestation and the current degree of forest degradation in the Terai of Nepal. Forest canopy density class was predicted with 82% overall accuracy. Data analysis revealed that the forested area reduced from 21774 km2 in 1958 to 12649 km2 in 2000 corresponding to an annual rate of decline of 1.38%. Our analysis further revealed that 70% of the forested area outside conservation areas had canopies with density below 60%, thus confirming widespread degradation. More surprisingly, 50% percent of the forested area inside protected areas had such opened canopies. This indicates that canopy degradation is also very common inside protected areas. These areas play a special role in the conservation of internationally threatened forest communities, for instance Nepalese tropical rain forests. Our analysis revealed that canopy opening prevailed as well in these communities. We argue that from a biodiversity point of view conservation effort should focus on the preservation and restoration of these forest types. The forest degradation maps presented in this chapter could serve as a start to prioritize such interventions.
In this thesis, we demonstrated how the impressive developments in computational performance, the rapid growth of remote sensing and GIS technologies for spatial data acquisition and analysis could be used beyond their traditional application in mapping canopy-dominant invasive species. We have shown how a few of these cost-effective mapping techniques can reliably be up scaled to the national level to map the distribution of even those invasive species that do not dominate the canopy of forest ecosystems.
This thesis emphasizes the importance of site-specific microclimatic variation and empirical observations of the species’ ecology, while applying remote sensing techniques in invasion studies. This could significantly reduce the uncertainties and the degree of “erroneous prediction”. Maps displaying seed-producing sites could be used to significantly reduce the costs of controlling C. odorata infestation by providing information on the spatial segregation of source and sink populations. These will support efficient habitat ranking to restore invaded areas and protect non-invaded ecosystems. Such an approach may prove particularly valuable when implementing control measures under circumstances of limited capital and labour. This thesis also showed the necessity to understand the connection between the human historical, socio-economic, and cultural context with the environmental conditions and the ecology of the invader. It facilitates conceptualising the situation and hopefully it also helps in translating research results into appropriate policy measures.
Nepal natural vegetation
Distribution of minerals at nepal
Nepal peak, pass and mountain ridge
There are hundreds of mountain peaks and ranges in Nepal. The chure. The Mahabharata and the Himalayas are the there major systems of mountains, the chure range lies at the lower elevation in the tarai. Mahabharat range lies above the chure . the Himalaya range (himal) lies in the northern most part of the country .these mountain ranges I.e. the
himal the mahabharat and chure are hoeizontally distributed from north to south respectively .
there are several mountain ranges in the himal where the most notable peaks are elevated . some of the major mountain ranges are mahalangur , kumbhakarna rolwaling singhalila , lantang – lirung ganesh , larke himal annapuram dhawalagirl , etc .there are many passes in the mountain ranges mount everest (8848m) , choyu (8153m) , lhotes (8501m), lie in the singhalila mountain range , Makalu (8475m) lies in the kumbhakarna mountain range , machapuchhre (6993m) , and Annapurna (8091m) are in the Annapurna mountain range and dhawalagari (8137m) lies in the dhawalagari mountain range .Nepal main rivers and watersheds
Nepal is the second largest country after Brazil in water resources. There are thousands of rivers in the country. Most of the big rivers originate from the mountain and middle hill. The ricers originating from the mountain such as arun , tamakoshi , kaligandaki , karnali and so on, are snow fed rivers . these are perennial rivers .the flow water in the river originating from the middle hill decreases during winter .the rivers originating from the churiya are non-perennial so that sry up in the winter season .
There are three most important rivers systems in Nepal such as koshi ,gandaki and karnali , koshi is the longest rives of Nepal .it has sevefn tributaries namely arun sunkoshi , tamakoshi ,likhu ,dudhkoshi , indrawati and tanro that drain the eastern region of the country .Gandaki flows in the central part of the central part of the country. it has secen main tributaries namely kali-gandaki marsyangdi , trusuli ,seti , madi and daraudi , similary , karnali flows in the western part of the country . its main tributaries are humal karnali , magu karmali ,bheri , tila ,and seti besides these main rivers , there are many important rivers of second and third order some of them are mechi , kankai ,kamala, bagmati ,ratu , lai bakaiya , bakaiya mabana , tinau rapti , babai ,mahakali and so on .
Nepal soil types
There are different types of soil in Nepal. Various factors such as geology, climate and vegetation types have resulted in variations in soil properties. There is very limited research about soils in Nepal. So far, soils of Nepal can be divided into six broad types such as alluvial soil, sandy gravel soil, lacustrine soil, rucky soil and mountain soil. Alluvial soil in tarai and in river basins. It is formed by the materials deposited by rivers and it’s very fertile. The sandy gravel and gravel soil are found in churiya where gravel and conglomerate are predominately found. This is not fertile soil. There are various types of soil in the middle hill. But rocky soil is predominant. The lacustrine soil is found in the Kathmandu valley. It is formed by the deposited materials in the lake hence, it is fertile. The mountain soil is formed by where boulders, sands and stone brought by glacier are found. It is also not fertile soil.
nepal elevation zones
nepal ranges from about 60 meters of the summit 8848 meters elevation of the word . mt everest the contour lines which show the elevation , clearly , elevation goes on incraasing from south to northabout 23 percent area lies below 500 metres elevatoin . the altitude below 1000 metre covers about 36 percent area of the country. similarly , about 55 precent area lies in the altitude between 1000-5000 metres and remaining about percent area lies above the altitude of 5000 metres . more specifically about one percent area lies above 6000 metres which is covered by mountain peaks and glaciers .
Nepal physiography
Physiography refers to the study of surface landform characteristics. Physiography of Nepal has been mainly divided on the basis of river, relief, structure altitude and geographical distribution. Resulted in distinct landform and topography. For the sake of convenience, the physiography of Nepal is divided as high himal, High Mountain, middle mountain, siwalik and tarai from north to south. The tarai is the flat land below 300m elevation formed by alluvial deposition. The siwalik, churiya, lies just above tarai. It ranges from 300-900 meter elevation in general. It is formed with conglomerates.
The middle mountain or the mahabharat extends widely just immediately after the siwalik. It lies between 900 to 3000 meters elevation. It has sprus, hills, river basins and valley, the arun vallley, Kathmandu valley, pokhara valley, tumlingtar, rumjatar, and salyantar lie in this belt. The high mountain also has steep and dissected landforms. The high himals is in the noethernmost part where hundreds of mountain peaks are founds.
Nepal geo –political division
Nepal his diverse and unique geo-ecopolitical and ago-political setting .this unique age – political division mainly follows the physical setting of the country geo – politically, the country is divided as the mountain districts and the tarai districts. Out of 75 districts, 16 are mountain districts that are located in the northern part of the country these districts cover 35 percent area. These districts are remote and marginal in terms of linkage and agriculturation production. However, these districts have very beautiful land space and various natural resources. There are 39 districts in the hill region that cover 42 percent area of the country. This belt ranges from 600 to 3000 meters elevation. Various groups of people and different types of economic activities are found in this region. This region is most diverse in terms of its physical, social, economical and cultural characteristics.
The tarai region has below 600m elevation. There are 20 districts that cover 23 percent area of the country.
This is the extensive flat land formed by the alluvial deposit and thus very fertile.
Nepal political (administrative division)
For the administrative purpose, Nepal is divided into development region, zone district village development committee (VDC)\ municipality. At present there are five development regions, 14 zones.75 districts 58 municipalities and 3915 VDC s each distrivts is further divided into ilakas . similarly . Each VDC 35 words. For the parliamentary election, the country is decided into 205 constituencies. The eastern development region (EDR) has 3 zones and 16 districts, the central dev,region (CDR)has 3 zones and 19 districts ,the western dev region (EDR) has 3 zones and 16 districts , mid – western dev . Regain (MWDR)has also 3 zones and 15 distrects and the far- western dev. Region (FWDR)has 2 zones and 9 districts among the development regions , MWRD is the largest in terms of erea and the FWDR is the smallest . the karnali zone is the largest and the mahakali zone is the smallest in terms of area in the case of district , dolpa is the largest whereas bhaktapur is the smallest district in area . Each development region zone, district and municipality \ VDC his its own administrative centre thet coordinates the administrative and development activities Kathmandu is the capital of the nepal and lies in the CDR .
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